Electronic Disenyo

Mula sa Konsepto Upang Reality

Electronic Disenyo

Mula sa Konsepto Upang Reality

Tumalon sa TINA Pangunahing Pahina at Pangkalahatang Impormasyon

Electronic Design - Mula sa Konsepto sa Reality, 4th Electronic edition — **Disenyo ng Elektronikon - Mula sa Konsepto hanggang sa Reality**
***Ni Martin S. Roden, Gordon L. Carpenter at William R. Wieserman***
4th Electronic edition

Ang mahusay na aklat na ito ay nagbibigay ng mga estudyante sa engineering at pagsasanay ng mga propesyonal sa 21st siglo ang mga kinakailangang kasangkapan upang pag-aralan at mag-disenyo ng mahusay na mga electronic circuits at system. Kabilang dito ang maraming mga halimbawa ng circuit na magagamit na ngayon sa TINA sa pamamagitan ng pag-click ng mouse mula sa electronic edisyon ng aklat na inilathala ng DesignSoft.

TALAAN NG MGA NILALAMAN

Kabanata 1: BASIC CONCEPTS

Kabanata 2: IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Kabanata 3: SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Kabanata 4: BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS

Kabanata 5: BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS

Kabanata 6: MGA LALAKI NG TRANSISTOR NG FIELD-EFFECT

Kabanata 7: BIAS STABILITY OF TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS

Kabanata 8: Mga Power AMPLIFIER AT POWER SUPPLY

Kabanata 9: PRACTICAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Kabanata 10: FREQUENCY BEHAVIOR OF TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS

Kabanata 11: FEEDBACK AND STABILITY

Kabanata 12: Mga Aktibong Saringan

Kabanata 13: QUASI-LINEAR CIRCUITS

Kabanata 14: PULSED WAVEFORMS AT TIMING CIRCUITS

Kabanata 15: DIGITAL LOGIC FAMILIES

Kabanata 16: DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

KABANATA 1 - PANGUNAHING KONSEPTO

1.0 Panimula
Kasaysayan ng 1.1, 1
1.2 Solid State Circuit Models, 3
1.3 Linear at Nonlinear Circuit Elements, 4
1.4 Analog vs. Digital Signal, 6
1.5 Dependent Pinagmumulan, 7
1.6 Frequency Effects, 8
1.7 Analysis and Design, 10

1.7.1 Paghahambing ng Disenyo at Pagsusuri, 10
1.7.2 Pinagmulan ng Mga Kinakailangan sa Disenyo, 10
1.7.3 Ano ba ang "Open-Ended" at "Trade Off" Mean ?, 11

1.8 Computer Simulations, 13
1.9 Components ng Proseso sa Disenyo, 14

1.9.1 Prinsipyo ng Disenyo, 15
1.9.2 Problem Definition, 16
1.9.3 Subdividing the Problem, 17
1.9.4 Documentation, 17
1.9.5 Ang Schematic Diagram, 18
1.9.6 Ang Listahan ng Mga Bahagi, 18
1.9.7 Running Lists at Other Documentation, 19
1.9.8 Paggamit ng Mga Dokumento, 20
1.9.9 Design Checklist, 20
1.9.10 Prototyping ang Circuit, 21

Buod, 23

KABANATA 2 - IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Panimula sa 2.0, 24
2.1 Ideal Op-Amps, 25

2.1.1 Dependent Pinagmumulan, 25
2.1.2 Operational Amplifier Equivalent Circuit, 27
2.1.3 Analysis Method, 30

2.2 Ang Inverting Amplifier, 30
2.3 Ang Non-Inverting Amplifier, 33
2.4 Input Resistance ng Op-Amp Circuits, 41
2.5 Combined Inverting and Non-Inverting Inputs, 44
2.6 Disenyo ng Op-Amp Circuits, 46
2.7 Iba Pang Op-Amp Applications, 52

2.7.1 Negative Impedance Circuit, 52
2.7.2 Dependent-Current Generator, 53
2.7.3 Kasalukuyang-to-Voltage Converter, 54
2.7.4 Voltage-to-Current Converter, 55
2.7.5 Inverting Amplifier sa Impedances, 56
2.7.6 Analog Computer Applications, 57
2.7.7 Non-Inverting Miller Integrator, 59

Buod, 60
Mga problema, 60

KABANATA 3 - SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Panimula sa 3.0, 70
3.1 Teorya ng Semiconductors, 71

3.1.1 Conduction in Materials, 73
3.1.2 Conduction sa Semiconductor Materials, 75
3.1.3 Crystalline Structure, 76
3.1.4 Generation at Recombination ng Mga Electron at butas, 78
3.1.5 Doped Semiconductors, 79
3.1.6 n-type Semiconductor, 80
3.1.7 p-type Semiconductor, 80
3.1.8 Carrier Concentrations, 80
3.1.9 Excess Carriers, 82
3.1.10 Recombination at Generation ng Excess Carriers, 82
3.1.11 Transport ng Electric Current, 83
3.1.12 Diffusion of Carriers, 83
3.1.13 Drift sa Electric Field, 84

3.2 Semiconductor Diodes, 87

3.2.1 Diode Construction, 89
3.2.2 Relasyon sa Pagitan ng Diode Kasalukuyang at Diode Boltahe, 90
3.2.3 Diode Operation, 92
3.2.4 Temperature Effects, 93
3.2.5 Diode Equivalent Circuit Models, 95
3.2.6 Diode Circuit Analysis, 96
Graphical Analysis, 96
Piecewise-Linear Approximation, 99
3.2.7 Power Handling Capability, 103
3.2.8 Diode Capacitance, 104

3.3 Rectification, 104

3.3.1 Half-Wave Rectification, 105
3.3.2 Full-Wave Rectification, 106
3.3.3 Filtering, 107
3.3.4 Voltage Doble Circuit, 110

3.4 Zener Diodes, 112

3.4.1 Zener Regulator, 113
3.4.2 Praktikal na Zener Diodes at Porsyento ng Porsyento, 117

3.5 Clippers and Clampers, 119

3.5.1 Clippers, 119
3.5.2 Clampers, 124

3.6 Op-Amp Circuits na naglalaman ng Diodes, 127
3.7 Kahaliling Uri ng Diodes, 129

3.7.1 Schottky Diodes, 129
3.7.2 Light-Emitting Diodes (LED), 130
3.7.3 Photo Diodes, 131

3.8 Manufacturers 'Specifications, 132
Buod, 133
Mga problema, 134

KABANATA 4 - BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS

Panimula sa 4.0, 149
4.1 Structure of Bipolar Transistors, 149
4.2 Modelong BJT Malaking-Signal, 153
4.3 Derivation of Small-Signal ac Mga Modelo, 154
4.4 Two-Port Small Signal ac Mga Modelo, 156
4.5 Characteristic Curves, 158
4.6 Producers 'Data Sheets para sa BJTs, 160
4.7 BJT Models para sa Computer Simulations, 161
Configurations ng 4.8 Single-Stage Amplifier, 164
4.9 Biasing ng Single-Stage Amplifiers, 166
4.10 Power Considerations, 169

4.10.1 Derivation of Power Equations, 170

4.11 Analysis and Design of Voltage Amplifier Bias Circuits, 172

4.11.1 Analysis Procedure, 172
4.11.2 Design Procedure, 177
4.11.3 Amplifier Power Sources, 183
4.11.4 Pagpili ng Mga Bahagi, 184

4.12 Pagsusuri at Disenyo ng Kasalukuyang Amplifier Bias Circuits, 184
4.13 Nonlinearities ng Bipolar Junction Transistors188
4.14 On-Off na Mga Katangian ng BJT Circuits, 190
4.15 Integrated Circuit Fabrication, 192

4.15.1 Transistor at Diodes, 192
4.15.2 Resistors, 193
4.15.3 Capacitors, 193
4.15.4 Lateral Transistor, 194

Buod, 194
Mga problema, 195

KABANATA 5 - BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS

Panimula sa 5.0, 207
5.1 Common-Emitter Amplifier, 208

5.1.1 Gain Impedance Formula, 208
5.1.2 Input Resistance, R_in, 209
5.1.3 Kasalukuyang Gain, A_i, 210
5.1.4 Voltage Gain, A_v, 210
5.1.5 Output Resistance, R_o, 211

5.2. Common-Emitter sa Emitter Resistor (Emitter-Resistor Amplifier), 213

5.2.1 Input Resistance, R_in, 213
5.2.2 Kasalukuyang Gain, A_i, 215
5.2.3 Voltage Gain, A_v, 215
5.2.4 Output Resistance, R_o, 215

5.3 Common-Collector (Emitter-Tagasunod) Amplifier, 224

5.3.1 Input Resistance, R_in, 224
5.3.2 Kasalukuyang Gain, A_i, 225
5.3.3 Voltage Gain, A_v, 225
5.3.4 Output Resistance, R_o, 226

5.4 Common-Base Amplifier, 230

5.4.1 Input Resistance, R_in, 231
5.4.2 Kasalukuyang Gain, A_i, 231
5.4.3 Voltage Gain, A_v, 232
5.4.4 Output Resistance, R_o, 232

5.5 Transistor Amplifier Applications, 236
5.6 Phase Splitter, 237
5.7 Amplifier Coupling, 238

5.7.1 Capacitive Coupling, 238
5.7.2 Direct Coupling, 238
5.7.3 Transformer Coupling, 241
5.7.4 Optical Coupling, 243

5.8 Multistage Amplifier Analysis, 245
5.9 Cascode Configuration, 250
5.10 Kasalukuyang Pinagmumulan at Aktibong Mga Load, 252

5.10.1 Isang Simple Current Source, 252
5.10.2 Widlar Kasalukuyang Pinagmulan, 253
5.10.3 Wilson Kasalukuyang Pinagmulan, 256
5.10.4 Maramihang Mga Kasalukuyang Pagmumulan ng Paggamit ng Kasalukuyang Salamin, 258

Buod, 259
Mga problema, 262

KABANATA 6 - FIELD-Effect TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS

Panimula sa 6.0, 277
6.1 Mga Kalamangan at Disadvantages ng FETs, 278
6.2 Metal-Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET), 279

6.2.1 Enhancement-Mode MOSFET Terminal Characteristics, 281
6.2.2 Depletion-Mode MOSFET, 284
6.2.3 Large-Signal Equivalent Circuit, 287
6.2.4 Modelong Maliit na-Signal ng MOSFET, 287

6.3 Junction Field-Effect Transistor (JFET), 290

6.3.1 JFET Gate-to-Source Voltage Variation, 293
Mga 6.3.2 JFET Transfer Characteristics, 293
6.3.3 JFET Small-Signal ac Modelo, 296

6.4 FET Amplifier Configurations and Biasing, 299

6.4.1 Discrete-Component MOSFET Biasing, 299

6.5 MOSFET Integrated Circuits, 302

6.5.1 Biasing ng MOSFET Integrated Circuits, 303
6.5.2 Katawan Epekto, 305

6.6 Paghahambing ng MOSFET sa JFET, 306
6.7 FET Models para sa Computer Simulations, 308
6.8 FET Amplifiers - Canonical Configurations, 312
6.9 FET Amplifier Analysis, 314

6.9.1 Ang CS (at Source Resistor) Amplifier, 314
6.9.2 Ang CG Amplifier, 319
6.9.3 Ang CD (SF) Amplifier, 323

6.10 FET Amplifier Design, 326

6.10.1 Ang CS Amplifier, 326
6.10.2 Ang CD Amplifier, 336
6.10.3 Ang SF Bootstrap Amplifier, 340

6.11 Other Devices, 343

6.11.1 Metal Semiconductor Barrier Junction Transistor, 343
6.11.2 VMOSFET, 344
6.10.3 Iba pang mga MOS Devices, 344

Buod, 345
Mga problema, 346

KAPITULO 7 - KATABIGAN NG BIAS NG MGA TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER

Panimula sa 7.0, 358
7.1 Mga Uri ng Biasing, 358

7.1.1 Kasalukuyang Feedback Biasing, 359
7.1.2 Voltage at Kasalukuyang Biasing, 360

7.2 Mga Epekto ng Mga Pagbabago ng Parameter - Katatagan ng Bias, 362

7.2.1 CE Configuration, 363
7.2.2 EF Configuration, 369

7.3 Diode Compensation, 372
7.4 Pagdidisenyo para sa BJT Amplifier Bias Stability, 374
7.5 FET Temperature Effects, 375
7.6 Pagbawas ng Pagkakaiba-iba ng Temperatura, 377
Buod, 379
Mga problema, 380

KABANATA 8 - MGA AMPLIFIER NG KAPANGYARIHAN AT SUPPLYANG KAPANGYARIHAN

Panimula sa 8.0, 384
8.1 Mga Klase ng Amplifier, 384

8.1.1 Class-A Operation, 385
8.1.2 Class-B Operation, 385
8.1.3 Class-AB Operation, 387
8.1.4 Class-C Operation, 388

8.2 Power Amplifier Circuits - Class-A Operation, 389

8.2.1 Inductively-Coupled Amplifier, 389
8.2.2 Transformer-Coupled Power Amplifier, 391

8.3 Power Amplifier Circuits - Class-B Operation, 395

8.3.1 Complementary Symmetry Class-B at -AB Power Amplifier, 395
8.3.2 Diode-Compensated Complementary-Symmetry Class-B Power Amps (CSDC), 398
8.3.3 Power Calculations para sa Class-B Push-pull Amplifier, 401

8.4 Darlington Circuit, 408
8.5 Power Supply Gamit ang Power Transistors, 413

8.5.1 Power Supply Paggamit ng Discrete Components, 413
8.5.2 Power Supply Paggamit ng IC Regulator (Tatlong-Terminal Regulator), 417
8.5.3 Power Supply Paggamit ng Three-Terminal Adjustable Regulator, 421
8.5.4 Mas Mataas na-Kasalukuyang Regulator, 422

8.6 Switching Regulators, 423

8.6.1 Kahusayan ng Paglipat Regulators, 425

Buod, 425
Mga problema, 426

KABANATA 9 - MGA PRACTICAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Panimula sa 9.0, 437
9.1 Differential Amplifiers, 438

9.1.1 dc Maglipat ng mga Katangian, 438
9.1.2 Karaniwang-Mode at Mga Pagkamit ng Moda-kaugalian, 439
9.1.3 Differential Amplifier na may Constant Current Source, 442
9.1.4 Differential Amplifier sa Single-Ended Input and Output, 445

9.2 Level Shifters, 451
9.3 Ang Karaniwang Op-Amp, 454

9.3.1 Packaging, 455
9.3.2 Power Requirements, 456
9.3.3 Ang 741 Op-Amp, 456
     Bias Circuits, 457
     Maikling Circuit Protection, 457
     Input Stage, 458
     Intermediate Stage, 458
     Output Stage, 458

9.4 Manufacturers 'Specifications, 459
9.5 Praktikal na Op-Amps, 459

9.5.1 Open-Loop Voltage Gain (G), 460
9.5.2 Modified Op-Amp Model, 461
9.5.3 Input Offset Voltage (V_io), 461
9.5.4 Input Bias Current (Ibias), 463
9.5.5 Common-Mode Rejection, 467
9.5.6 Power Supply Rejection Ratio, 467
9.5.7 Output Resistance, 468

9.6 Computer Simulation ng Op-Amp Circuits, 471
9.7 Non-Inverting Amplifier, 473

9.7.1 Input at Output Resistance, 473
9.7.2 Voltage Gain, 475
9.7.3 Multiple-Input Amplifier, 478

9.8 Inverting Amplifier, 479

9.8.1 Input at Output Resistance, 479
9.8.2 Voltage Gain, 480
9.8.3 Maramihang-Input Amplifier, 482

9.9 Differential Summing, 485
9.10 Amplifier na may Balanced Inputs o Outputs, 489
9.11 Coupling sa Pagitan ng Maramihang Input, 492
9.12 Power Audio Op-Amps, 493

9.12.1 Bridge Power Op-Amp, 494
9.12.2 Intercom, 495

Buod, 496
Mga problema, 496

KABANATA 10 - FREQUENCY BEHAVIOR OF TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS

Panimula sa 10.0, 509
10.1 Mababang-Frequency Response of Amplifiers, 513

10.1.1 Mababang-Frequency Response of Emitter-Resistor Amplifier, 513
10.1.2 Design para sa isang Katangian ng Dalas na Dalas, 518
10.1.3 Mababang-Frequency Response of Common-Emitter Amplifier, 522
10.1.4 Mababang-Frequency Response of Common-Source Amplifier, 525
10.1.5 Mababang-Frequency Response of Common-Base Amplifier, 528
10.1.6 Low-Frequency Response of Emitter-Follower Amplifier, 529
10.1.7 Mababang-Frequency Response of Source-Follower Amplifier, 530

10.2 High-Frequency Transistor Models, 532

10.2.1 Miller Theorem, 533
10.2.2 High-Frequency BJT Model, 534
10.2.3 High-Frequency FET Model, 537

10.3 High-Frequency Response of Amplifiers, 538

10.3.1 High-Frequency Response of Common-Emitter Amplifier, 538
10.3.2 High-Frequency Response of Common-Source Amplifier, 542
10.3.3 High-Frequency Response of Common-Base Amplifier, 544
10.3.4 High-Frequency Response of Emitter-Follower Amplifier, 546
10.3.5 High-Frequency Response of Common-Drain (SF) Amplifier, 548
10.3.6 Cascode Amplifiers, 549

10.4 High-Frequency Amplifier Design, 550
10.5 Frequency Response of Op-Amp Circuits, 550

10.5.1 Open-Loop Op-Amp Response554
10.5.2 Phase Shift, 557
10.5.3 Slew Rate, 557
10.5.4 Designing Amplifiers Paggamit ng Maramihang Op-Amps, 560
10.5.5 101 Amplifier, 567

Buod, 570
Mga problema, 571

KABANATA 11 - FEEDBACK AND STABILITY

Panimula sa 11.0, 585
11.1 Feedback Amplifier Considerations, 586
Mga Uri ng Feedback sa 11.2, 587
11.3 Feedback Amplifier, 588

11.3.1 Kasalukuyang Feedback - Pagbawas ng Boltahe para sa Discrete Amplifiers, 588
11.3.2 Voltage Feedback - Kasalukuyang Pagbabawas para sa isang Discrete Amplifier, 592

11.4 Multistage Feedback Amplifiers, 594
11.5 Feedback sa Operational Amplifiers, 595
11.6 Stability of Feedback Amplifiers, 599

11.6.1 System Stability and Frequency Response, 601
11.6.2 Bode Plots at System Stability, 605

11.7 Frequency Response - Feedback Amplifier, 610

11.7.1 Single-Pole Amplifier, 610
11.7.2 Two-Pole Amplifier, 611

11.8 Disenyo ng isang Three-Pole Amplifier Sa Lead Equalizer, 617
11.9 Phase-Lag Equalizer, 623
11.10 Effect of Capacitive Loading, 624
11.11 Oscillators, 625

11.11.1 Ang Colpitts at Hartley Oscillators, 625
11.11.2 Ang Wien Bridge Oscillator, 626
11.11.3 Ang Phase Shift Oscillator, 628
11.11.4 Ang Crystal Oscillator, 629
11.11.5 Touch-Tone Generator, 631

Buod, 631
Mga problema, 633

KABANATA 12 - ACTIVE FILTERS

Panimula sa 12.0, 641
12.1 Integrators at Differentiators, 641
12.2 Active Network Design, 645
12.3 Active Filter, 648

12.3.1 Filter Properties at Classification, 649
12.3.2 Unang-Order Aktibo Mga Filter, 655

12.4 Single Amplifier - Pangkalahatang Uri, 666
12.5 Classical Analog Filters, 668

12.5.1 Butterworth Filters, 669
12.5.2 Chebyshev Filters, 672

12.6 Transformations, 674

12.6.1 Low-Pass sa High-Pass Transformation, 674
12.6.2 Low-Pass sa Band-Pass Transformation, 675

12.7 Disenyo ng Butterworth at Chebyshev Filter, 676

12.7.1 Low-Pass Filter Design, 677
12.7.2 Filter Order, 677
12.7.3 Parameter Scale Factor, 680
12.7.4 High-Pass Filter, 688
12.7.5 Band-Pass at Band-Stop Filter Design, 690

12.8 Integrated Circuit Filters, 694

12.8.1 Mga Nakapalit na Capacitor Filter, 695
12.8.2 Sixth-Order Switched-Capacitor Butterworth Low-Pass Filter, 697

12.9 Concluding Remarks, 699
Buod, 699
Mga problema, 700

KABANATA 13 - QUASI-LINEAR CIRCUITS

Panimula sa 13.0, 706
13.1 Rectifiers, 706
13.2 Mga Limitasyon ng Feedback, 717
13.3 Comparators, 731
13.4 Schmitt Triggers, 735

13.4.1 Schmitt Nag-trigger sa Limiters, 738
13.4.2 Integrated Circuit Schmitt Trigger, 744

Conversion ng 13.5 sa Pagitan ng Analog at Digital, 746

13.5.1 Digital-to-Analog Converter, 746
13.5.2 Analog-to-Digital Converter, 747

Buod, 751
Mga problema, 752

KABANATA 14 - PULSED WAVEFORMS AT TIMING CIRCUITS

Panimula sa 14.0, 760
14.1 High-Pass RC Network, 762

14.1.1 Steady-State Response of High-Pass Network sa Pulse Train, 766

14.2 Steady-State Response Low-Pass RC Network sa Pulse Train, 771
14.3 Diodes, 777

14.3.1 Steady-State Response of Diode Circuit to Pulse Train, 777

14.4 Trigger Circuits, 781

14.4.1 Pulse Train Response, 782

14.5 Ang 555 Timer, 783

14.5.1 The Relaxation Oscillator, 784
14.5.2 Ang 555 bilang isang osileytor, 787
14.5.3 Ang 555 bilang isang Monostable Circuit, 794

Buod, 796
Mga problema, 797

KABANATA 15 - DIGITAL LOGIC FAMILIES

Panimula sa 15.0, 805
15.1 Basic Concepts ng Digital Logic, 805

15.1.1 State Definitions - Positibo at Negatibong Lohika, 806
15.1.2 Time-Independent o Unlocked Logic, 807
15.1.3 Time-Dependent o Clocked Logic, 807
15.1.4 Elementary Logic Functions, 807
15.1.5 Boolean Algebra, 811

15.2 IC Construction and Packaging, 812
15.3 Praktikal na Pagsasaalang-alang sa Digital na Disenyo, 814
Mga katangian ng 15.4 Digital Circuit ng BJTs, 817
15.5 Bipolar Logic Families, 818
15.6 Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL), 818

15.6.1 Open Configurations ng mga kolektor, 820
15.6.2 Aktibong Hilahin Up, 823
15.6.3 H-TTL at LP-TTL Gates, 828
15.6.4 Schottky TTL Gates, 828
15.6.5 Tri-State Gates, 829
Listahan ng Mga 15.6.6 Device, 831

15.7 Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL), 832

Listahan ng Mga 15.7.1 Device, 834

15.8 Digital Circuit Characteristics ng FETs, 835

15.8.1 Ang n-Channel Enhancement MOSFET, 835
15.8.2 Ang p-Pagpapalawak ng Channel MOSFET, 835

15.9 FET Transistor Families, 836

15.9.1 n-Channel MOS, 836
15.9.2 p-Channel MOS, 836

15.10 Complementary MOS (CMOS), 837

15.10.1 CMOS Analog Switch, 841
Mga Listahan ng 15.10.2 CMOS Device at Mga Panuntunan sa Paggamit, 843

15.11 Paghahambing ng mga Pamilya ng Lohika, 845
Buod, 847
Mga problema, 848

KABANATA 16 - DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Panimula sa 16.0, 856
16.1 Decoder at Encoder, 857

16.1.1 Data Selector / Multiplexer, 860
16.1.2 Keyboard Encoders / Decoders, 862
16.1.3 Parity Generators / Checkers, 864

16.2 Drivers and Associated Systems, 864

16.2.1 Ang Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), 867

16.3 Flip-Flops, Latches, at Shift Registers, 868

16.3.1 Flip-Flops, 870
16.3.2 Latches and Memories, 875
16.3.3 Shift Registers, 877

16.4 Counters, 879

16.4.1 Frequency Pagsukat, 886

16.5 Clocks, 889

16.5.1 Voltage Controlled Oscillator, 889

16.6 Memories, 892

16.6.1 Serial Memories, 892
16.6.2 Random Access Memory (RAM), 895
16.6.3 ROMs and PROMs, 896
16.6.4 EPROMs, 897

16.7 Higit pang mga Complex Circuits, 899

16.7.1 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), 899
16.7.2 Full Adders, 900
16.7.3 Look-Ahead Carry Generators, 900
16.7.4 Magnitude Comparator, 902

16.8 Programmable Array Logic (PAL), 903
16.9 Panimula sa Problema, 903

16.9.1 Bumubuo ng Random Numbers, 904
16.9.2 Pagsukat ng Mechanical Angle of Velocity, 904
16.9.3 Ang Hall-Effect Switch, 905
16.9.4 Paggamit ng Timing Windows, 906

16.10 Concluding Remarks, 907
Mga problema, 908

APPENDICES
A. Micro-Cap at SPICE, 929
B. Standard na Mga Halaga ng Bahagi, 944
C. Mga Data Sheet ng Producer, 946
D. Sagot sa Napiling Problema, 985